Introduction
With deforestation posing a significant environmental challenge, the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) mandates real-time monitoring of forested areas to prevent illegal deforestation linked to commercial supply chains. Article 9 of the EUDR requires companies to establish and maintain robust tracking systems using satellite-based alerts and verified data to ensure compliance. This article explores how real-time deforestation monitoring functions and its role in safeguarding forests.
How Real-Time Deforestation Monitoring Works
Real-time deforestation monitoring relies on satellite imagery and specialized alert systems to detect forest disturbances. Companies sourcing products from forested areas must continuously assess these alerts and take immediate corrective actions when necessary. The system prioritizes speed in detection but acknowledges the presence of false positives, making further validation crucial.
Deforestation Alerts and Confidence Levels
Deforestation alerts serve as early warnings for potential forest loss. These alerts are assigned a confidence score based on the frequency of detection in satellite images:
Low Confidence Alert: Detected in a single satellite image.
High Confidence Alert: Confirmed in multiple images from the same satellite.
Very High Confidence Alert: Verified by at least two different satellite systems.
While alerts provide rapid insights into potential deforestation, they remain unconfirmed until further validation. Low confidence alerts that are not reaffirmed through additional satellite data are removed after six months to prevent inaccuracies.
Satellite-Based Alert Systems Used in Monitoring
To detect deforestation effectively, the EUDR framework integrates data from three primary satellite-based alert systems:
GLAD-L (Global Land Analysis & Discovery - Landsat)
Uses optical imagery from Landsat satellites.
Has a spatial resolution of 30 meters.
Detects changes by comparing recent imagery with historical data.
GLAD-S2 (Global Land Analysis & Discovery - Sentinel-2)
Uses Sentinel-2 optical satellite imagery with a 10-meter resolution.
Provides more refined detection in Amazonia.
RADD (Radar for Detecting Deforestation)
Uses Sentinel-1 radar imagery, making it effective in cloud-covered regions.
Covers humid tropical forests in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central America.
Given their varying regional coverage, a "very high confidence" alert is only possible in areas where at least two of these systems overlap.
Processing, Validation, and Limitations
Deforestation alerts are prioritized for rapid detection, but this comes with some inherent limitations:
False Positives: Some alerts result from natural disturbances (e.g., storms, landslides, forest fires) or human activities (e.g., timber harvesting, crop rotation cycles) that do not necessarily lead to permanent deforestation.
Cloud Cover: Persistent cloudiness can delay the detection of deforestation events.
Limited Geographic Scope:
GLAD-L: Covers latitudes from 30° North to 30° South.
GLAD-S2: Limited to the Amazon basin.
RADD: Covers primary humid tropical forests but is still expanding its reach.
Annual Validation: Alerts feed into the Global Forest Change dataset, which undergoes more rigorous verification using an entire year's worth of data.
The Role of Real-Time Monitoring in EUDR Compliance
Real-time monitoring is a critical component in helping companies comply with EUDR requirements. By utilizing deforestation alerts, companies can:
Detect Deforestation Early: Rapid alerts enable companies to take preemptive action before permanent forest loss occurs.
Maintain Compliance Records: Detailed records of monitoring activities demonstrate due diligence.
Mitigate Risks: Prompt responses to deforestation alerts help ensure that non-compliant products do not enter the EU market.
Ensure Supply Chain Transparency: Real-time monitoring fosters accountability and traceability, reducing the risk of illegal deforestation-linked products.
Conclusion
Real-time deforestation monitoring is an essential tool in the fight against illegal deforestation. The integration of satellite imagery and alert systems allows companies to track changes in their supply chains and respond promptly to environmental risks. While these alerts prioritize speed over accuracy, they serve as a crucial first line of defense, ensuring that businesses comply with EUDR regulations and contribute to global forest conservation efforts.